🌟BASIC INFORMATION🌟
🔹 Author: Francis Bacon
• 🖋️ English philosopher, statesman, scientist, and essayist
• 🖋️ Known as the father of empiricism and modern scientific method
• 🖋️ Pioneer of the English essay form—brief, aphoristic, and packed with meaning
• 🖋️ Served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor under King James I
📅 Birth: 22nd January, 1561 — London, England
⚰️ Death: 9th April, 1626 — Highgate, London, England
👨 Father: Sir Nicholas Bacon (Lord Keeper of the Great Seal)
👩 Mother: Anne Bacon (scholar and translator)
🔹 Title: Of Studies
📚 Source / Background:
• ✒️ One of Bacon’s most famous essays from his collection Essays, or Counsels Civil and Moral
• ✒️ First published in 1597, revised in 1612 and again in 1625
• ✒️ Explores the value, use, and potential misuse of studies and learning
• ✒️ Offers practical advice using tight, pithy statements and Latin tags
🖋️ Written: Originally in 1597; expanded in later editions
📖 First Published: 1597 (1st ed.), final form in 1625
📘 Published in Collection: Essays, or Counsels Civil and Moral
🔹 Type:
• 📜 Aphoristic Essay
• 📘 Philosophical Prose
• 📚 Didactic (instructive) Writing
🏛 Setting (Contextual):
• 📖 Elizabethan and early Jacobean England
• 📚 Renaissance context with revival of classical learning and value of knowledge
• 👨🎓 Addresses scholars, statesmen, and gentlemen on the use of study
🎭 Themes:
• 📚 Purpose and Value of Study
• 🧠 Knowledge and Practical Wisdom
• ⚖️ Balance Between Reading, Observation, and Experience
• ❌ Abuse and Vanity in Learning
• 🎯 Study as a Tool for Judgment, Conversation, and Decision-Making
👥 Character List (Implied):
• 🧍♂️ The Ideal Student or Gentleman – The essay addresses people who seek improvement through learning
• 🎓 The Scholar – Studious person who may misuse or overuse study without judgment
🗣️ Speaker: First Person (Francis Bacon’s reflective, advisory tone) – Rational, authoritative, and concise
🎨 Technique:
• 🗯️ Aphorisms – Wise, concise maxims (“Reading maketh a full man...”)
• 🧠 Analogy – Compares studies to physical exercises for the mind
• ⚖️ Balanced Clauses – Parallelism for clarity and rhythm
• 🧩 Latin Phrases – Adds scholarly tone and classical weight
• 🛠️ Practical Style – Blends theoretical knowledge with real-world application
📌 Important Facts:
• 🔍 Bacon distinguishes three purposes of study: delight (personal pleasure), ornament (conversation), and ability (judgment in business)
• 📚 Warns against extremes—studying too much or too little
• 🧠 Suggests that different studies serve different mental conditions (e.g., mathematics for a wandering mind)
• 🛠️ Emphasizes that studies must be “chewed and digested”—not just read for show
• 📜 A hallmark of Renaissance humanism: the belief in improving self through reason and study
• 🏛 Widely quoted and studied for its timeless insights into education and wisdom
✍️MCQ QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS:
◼️ 1. Who is the author of the essay "Of Studies"?
(a) John Milton. (b) Francis Bacon. (c) Thomas More. (d) Ben Jonson.
✅ Answer: (b) Francis Bacon.
🔷 📘 Supporting Statement: Author: Francis Bacon – English philosopher, statesman, scientist, and essayist.
◼️ 2. When was Francis Bacon born?
(a) 1555. (b) 1561. (c) 1570. (d) 1580.
✅ Answer: (b) 1561.
🔷 📘 Supporting Statement: Birth: 22nd January, 1561 — London, England.
◼️ 3. What literary form is Bacon most known for developing?
(a) The sonnet. (b) The tragedy. (c) The English essay. (d) The epic poem.
✅ Answer: (c) The English essay.
🔷 📘 Supporting Statement: Pioneer of the English essay form—brief, aphoristic, and packed with meaning.
◼️ 4. What is the title of Bacon’s famous essay on learning and knowledge?
(a) Of Learning. (b) Of Education. (c) Of Studies. (d) On Books.
✅ Answer: (c) Of Studies.
🔷 📘 Supporting Statement: Title: Of Studies.
◼️ 5. In which year was the final version of "Of Studies" published?
(a) 1597. (b) 1605. (c) 1612. (d) 1625.
✅ Answer: (d) 1625.
🔷 📘 Supporting Statement: Final form in 1625.
◼️ 6. What is the central focus of the essay "Of Studies"?
(a) The rules of politics. (b) Religious morality. (c) The value and use of studies. (d) The history of science.
✅ Answer: (c) The value and use of studies.
🔷 📘 Supporting Statement: Explores the value, use, and potential misuse of studies and learning.
◼️ 7. What tone does Bacon adopt in "Of Studies"?
(a) Satirical and humorous. (b) Personal and emotional. (c) Rational and advisory. (d) Casual and conversational.
✅ Answer: (c) Rational and advisory.
🔷 📘 Supporting Statement: Speaker: First Person – Rational, authoritative, and concise.
◼️ 8. What is the style of Bacon’s essay?
(a) Lyrical and emotional. (b) Fictional and dramatic. (c) Aphoristic and didactic. (d) Narrative and romantic.
✅ Answer: (c) Aphoristic and didactic.
🔷 📘 Supporting Statement: Type: Aphoristic Essay, Philosophical Prose, Didactic (instructive) Writing.
◼️ 9. What does Bacon compare studies to in the essay?
(a) Fire and air. (b) Food for the soul. (c) Exercises for the mind. (d) Musical harmony.
✅ Answer: (c) Exercises for the mind.
🔷 📘 Supporting Statement: Analogy – Compares studies to physical exercises for the mind.
◼️ 10. Which of the following is not one of the purposes of study mentioned by Bacon?
(a) Delight. (b) Worship. (c) Ornament. (d) Ability.
✅ Answer: (b) Worship.
🔷 📘 Supporting Statement: Bacon distinguishes three purposes of study: delight (personal pleasure), ornament (conversation), and ability (judgment in business).
◼️ 11. What caution does Bacon offer about reading?
(a) Read only poetry. (b) Read quickly to save time. (c) Don’t read too often. (d) Studies must be chewed and digested.
✅ Answer: (d) Studies must be chewed and digested.
🔷 📘 Supporting Statement: Emphasizes that studies must be “chewed and digested”—not just read for show.
◼️ 12. What mental condition does Bacon say mathematics can help with?
(a) Depression. (b) Wandering mind. (c) Anger. (d) Shyness.
✅ Answer: (b) Wandering mind.
🔷 📘 Supporting Statement: Suggests that different studies serve different mental conditions (e.g., mathematics for a wandering mind).
◼️ 13. Which historical context shapes "Of Studies"?
(a) Medieval feudalism. (b) Romantic rebellion. (c) Renaissance revival of learning. (d) Victorian industrialism.
✅ Answer: (c) Renaissance revival of learning.
🔷 📘 Supporting Statement: Renaissance context with revival of classical learning and value of knowledge.
◼️ 14. What kind of structure is often used in Bacon’s sentences?
(a) Rhymed couplets. (b) Inverted syntax. (c) Balanced clauses. (d) Repetitive anaphora.
✅ Answer: (c) Balanced clauses.
🔷 📘 Supporting Statement: Balanced Clauses – Parallelism for clarity and rhythm.
◼️ 15. Which of these techniques does Bacon use in "Of Studies"?
(a) Allegorical characters. (b) Satirical humour. (c) Aphorisms and Latin tags. (d) Poetic metaphors.
✅ Answer: (c) Aphorisms and Latin tags.
🔷 📘 Supporting Statement: Aphorisms – Wise, concise maxims; Latin Phrases – Adds scholarly tone and classical weight.
◼️ 16. What is the implied audience of the essay "Of Studies"?
(a) Poets and dramatists. (b) Soldiers and sailors. (c) Scholars, statesmen, and gentlemen. (d) Children and farmers.
✅ Answer: (c) Scholars, statesmen, and gentlemen.
🔷 📘 Supporting Statement: Addresses scholars, statesmen, and gentlemen on the use of study.
◼️ 17. What does Bacon say about misuse of studies?
(a) It is harmless. (b) It can make people humble. (c) It leads to pride and vanity. (d) It creates joy.
✅ Answer: (c) It leads to pride and vanity.
🔷 📘 Supporting Statement: Warns against extremes—studying too much or too little, and the vanity in learning.
◼️ 18. Which of the following best describes Bacon’s approach to knowledge?
(a) Emotional and poetic. (b) Empirical and practical. (c) Mystical and symbolic. (d) Ironic and playful.
✅ Answer: (b) Empirical and practical.
🔷 📘 Supporting Statement: Known as the father of empiricism and modern scientific method.
◼️ 19. What major office did Bacon hold under King James I?
(a) Archbishop of Canterbury. (b) Treasurer. (c) Lord Chancellor. (d) Prime Minister.
✅ Answer: (c) Lord Chancellor.
🔷 📘 Supporting Statement: Served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor under King James I.
◼️ 20. What Renaissance belief does "Of Studies" reflect?
(a) Rejection of reason. (b) Celebrating nobility. (c) Human improvement through study. (d) Dangers of secularism.
✅ Answer: (c) Human improvement through study.
🔷 📘 Supporting Statement: A hallmark of Renaissance humanism: the belief in improving self through reason and study.
◼️ 21. According to Bacon, for what purpose is study chiefly used in privacy?
(a) Ornament (b) Delight (c) Ability (d) Employment
✅ Answer: (b) Delight.
📘 Supporting Statement: “Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring...”
◼️ 22. In what area does study serve as ornament?
(a) Clothing (b) Action (c) Discourse (d) Planning
✅ Answer: (c) Discourse.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...for ornament, is in discourse...”
◼️ 23. How does study help in ability, according to Bacon?
(a) Physical strength (b) Social influence (c) Judgement and arrangement of business (d) Speaking fluently
✅ Answer: (c) Judgement and arrangement of business.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...for ability, is in the judgement and disposition of business.”
◼️ 24. What can expert men do, as per Bacon?
(a) Handle multiple general affairs (b) Judge everything wisely (c) Execute and judge of particulars (d) Write with grace
✅ Answer: (c) Execute and judge of particulars.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars...”
◼️ 25. Who are best suited for general counsel and the marshalling of affairs?
(a) Soldiers (b) Orators (c) Learned people (d) Politicians
✅ Answer: (c) Learned people.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...come best from those that are learned.”
◼️ 26. What is the result of spending too much time in study?
(a) Intelligence (b) Fame (c) Sloth (d) Sharpness
✅ Answer: (c) Sloth.
📘 Supporting Statement: “To spend too much time in studies is sloth...”
◼️ 27. What does Bacon call the excessive ornamental use of studies?
(a) Skill (b) Affectation (c) Pretension (d) Sophistication
✅ Answer: (b) Affectation.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...to use them too much for ornament, is affectation...”
◼️ 28. Judging only by the rules of study is described as what?
(a) Excellence (b) Error (c) The humour of a scholar (d) A wise approach
✅ Answer: (c) The humour of a scholar.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...to make judgement wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar.”
◼️ 29. How do studies perfect natural abilities?
(a) By discouraging distraction (b) By polishing them like wild plants (c) By making people avoid error (d) By adding authority
✅ Answer: (b) By polishing them like wild plants.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...natural abilities are like natural plants that need proyning by study...”
◼️ 30. What completes and limits the directions given by studies?
(a) Conversation (b) Ambition (c) Experience (d) Memory
✅ Answer: (c) Experience.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...except they be bounded in by experience.”
◼️ 31. How do crafty men regard studies?
(a) With admiration (b) With contempt (c) With fear (d) With envy
✅ Answer: (b) With contempt.
📘 Supporting Statement: “Crafty men contemn studies...”
◼️ 32. How do simple men treat studies?
(a) They fear them (b) They abuse them (c) They admire them (d) They ignore them
✅ Answer: (c) They admire them.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...simple men admire them...”
◼️ 33. How do wise men use studies?
(a) As decoration (b) As a weapon (c) As a tool (d) As a duty
✅ Answer: (c) As a tool.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...and wise men use them.”
◼️ 34. What do studies not teach, according to Bacon?
(a) Wisdom (b) Their own use (c) Speech (d) Judgement
✅ Answer: (b) Their own use.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...for they teach not their own use...”
◼️ 35. How is true wisdom attained, if not from books?
(a) Through imagination (b) Through intelligence (c) Through observation (d) Through memory
✅ Answer: (c) Through observation.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...won by observation.”
◼️ 36. What should not be the purpose of reading, according to Bacon?
(a) Contradict and confute (b) Think and judge (c) Learn and apply (d) Read and reflect
✅ Answer: (a) Contradict and confute.
📘 Supporting Statement: “Read not to contradict and confute...”
◼️ 37. What other wrong intentions of reading does Bacon mention?
(a) Inspire fear (b) Belief without doubt and idle conversation (c) Skill acquisition (d) Improve memory
✅ Answer: (b) Belief without doubt and idle conversation.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse...”
◼️ 38. What is the right motive for reading?
(a) To finish quickly (b) To gather facts (c) To weigh and consider (d) To impress others
✅ Answer: (c) To weigh and consider.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...but to weigh and consider.”
◼️ 39. What are the three types of books Bacon classifies?
(a) Novels, essays, histories (b) To be tasted, swallowed, digested (c) Old, new, rare (d) Fiction, nonfiction, drama
✅ Answer: (b) To be tasted, swallowed, digested.
📘 Supporting Statement: “Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested...”
◼️ 40. Which books deserve full and attentive reading?
(a) All bestsellers (b) Those with fame (c) Only a few (d) Religious texts only
✅ Answer: (c) Only a few.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.”
◼️ 41. “Natural abilities are like natural plants” is an example of:
(a) Hyperbole (b) Metaphor (c) Simile (d) Irony
✅ Answer: (c) Simile.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...natural abilities are like natural plants...”
◼️ 42. “Some books to be tasted, others to be swallowed...” contains:
(a) Allegory (b) Alliteration (c) Metaphor (d) Pun
✅ Answer: (c) Metaphor.
📘 Supporting Statement: “Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed...”
◼️ 43. “Studies serve for delight, ornament, and ability” uses:
(a) Paradox (b) Symbolism (c) Tricolon (d) Personification
✅ Answer: (c) Tricolon.
📘 Supporting Statement: “Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.”
◼️ 44. “Humour of a scholar” refers to what literary device?
(a) Irony (b) Satire (c) Euphemism (d) Synecdoche
✅ Answer: (a) Irony.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...is the humour of a scholar.”
◼️ 45. “Won by observation” personifies:
(a) Reason (b) Truth (c) Wisdom (d) Knowledge
✅ Answer: (c) Wisdom.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...won by observation.”
◼️ 46. What does “affectation” imply in the context of study?
(a) Love of books (b) Artificial display of knowledge (c) Desire for attention (d) Proper behaviour
✅ Answer: (b) Artificial display of knowledge.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...to use them too much for ornament, is affectation...”
◼️ 47. “Humour of a scholar” suggests what flaw?
(a) Playfulness (b) Dogmatic overdependence on books (c) Honesty (d) Disinterest
✅ Answer: (b) Dogmatic overdependence on books.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...is the humour of a scholar.”
◼️ 48. What is meant by “perfect nature”?
(a) To attain godliness (b) To refine one’s inner potential (c) To reject change (d) To return to nature
✅ Answer: (b) To refine one’s inner potential.
📘 Supporting Statement: “They perfect nature...”
◼️ 49. “Teach not their own use” means that studies:
(a) Are incomplete (b) Require practical wisdom (c) Are boring (d) Are insufficiently written
✅ Answer: (b) Require practical wisdom.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...they teach not their own use...”
◼️ 50. What does “to weigh and consider” indicate about reading?
(a) Use it to win debates (b) Read with reflection and thoughtfulness (c) Memorize passages (d) Write commentaries
✅ Answer: (b) Read with reflection and thoughtfulness.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...but to weigh and consider.”
◼️ 51. According to Bacon, which books may be read by deputy and summarized by others?
(a) Philosophical books (b) Meaner sort books and less important arguments (c) Sacred texts (d) Scientific papers
✅ Answer: (b) Meaner sort books and less important arguments.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort books...”
◼️ 52. What metaphor does Bacon use for overly summarized books?
(a) Common distilled waters (b) Rotten apples (c) Broken clocks (d) Pale shadows
✅ Answer: (a) Common distilled waters.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things.”
◼️ 53. What does reading make a man, according to Bacon?
(a) Smart (b) Wise (c) Full (d) Logical
✅ Answer: (c) Full.
📘 Supporting Statement: “Reading maketh a full man...”
◼️ 54. What does ‘conference’ do for a man?
(a) Confuses him (b) Makes him aggressive (c) Makes him ready (d) Makes him doubtful
✅ Answer: (c) Makes him ready.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...conference a ready man...”
◼️ 55. According to Bacon, what does writing make a man?
(a) Ambitious (b) Patient (c) Exact (d) Proud
✅ Answer: (c) Exact.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...and writing an exact man.”
◼️ 56. What must a man possess if he writes little?
(a) Great vocabulary (b) Powerful friends (c) Great memory (d) Humor
✅ Answer: (c) Great memory.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...if a man write little, he had need have a great memory...”
◼️ 57. What does a person need if he rarely confers?
(a) External help (b) A quick wit (c) Patience (d) Memorization
✅ Answer: (b) A quick wit.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...if he confer little, he had need a present wit...”
◼️ 58. If someone reads little, what quality is required to appear knowledgeable?
(a) Cunning (b) Sincerity (c) Experience (d) Strength
✅ Answer: (a) Cunning.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.”
◼️ 59. What virtue does studying history impart?
(a) Morality (b) Wit (c) Wisdom (d) Obedience
✅ Answer: (c) Wisdom.
📘 Supporting Statement: “Histories make men wise...”
◼️ 60. What benefit does Bacon assign to the study of poetry?
(a) Deep understanding (b) Swiftness in logic (c) Witty intellect (d) Powerful rhetoric
✅ Answer: (c) Witty intellect.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...poets witty...”
◼️ 61. What is the effect of mathematics on the mind?
(a) Strength (b) Subtlety (c) Emotion (d) Memorization
✅ Answer: (b) Subtlety.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...the mathematics subtile...”
◼️ 62. What is the role of natural philosophy?
(a) Quick decision-making (b) Emotional control (c) Depth of thought (d) Accuracy
✅ Answer: (c) Depth of thought.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...natural philosophy deep...”
◼️ 63. What quality is derived from moral philosophy?
(a) Playfulness (b) Aggressiveness (c) Gravity (d) Humor
✅ Answer: (c) Gravity.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...moral grave...”
◼️ 64. According to Bacon, logic and rhetoric make a person:
(a) Humble (b) Compelling in debate (c) Quiet (d) Creative
✅ Answer: (b) Compelling in debate.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...logic and rhetoric able to contend.”
◼️ 65. What does the Latin phrase “Abeunt studia in mores” mean?
(a) Study makes men dull (b) Studies pass into character (c) Books destroy habits (d) Nature defeats study
✅ Answer: (b) Studies pass into character.
📘 Supporting Statement: “Abeunt studia in mores. (Studies pass into character.)”
◼️ 66. What can proper studies remove, according to Bacon?
(a) Financial worries (b) Sorrow and grief (c) Mental hindrances (d) Physical deformity
✅ Answer: (c) Mental hindrances.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...no stond or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies...”
◼️ 67. What analogy does Bacon draw between mental and physical health?
(a) Both require memorization (b) Both are inherited (c) Both need proper exercises (d) Both are unpredictable
✅ Answer: (c) Both need proper exercises.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises.”
◼️ 68. What subject is good for a wandering wit?
(a) History (b) Rhetoric (c) Mathematics (d) Ethics
✅ Answer: (c) Mathematics.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...let him study the mathematics...”
◼️ 69. What happens in mathematics if one’s mind wanders?
(a) He needs guidance (b) He must begin again (c) He finds new methods (d) He becomes confused forever
✅ Answer: (b) He must begin again.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again.”
◼️ 70. Who are referred to as “cymini sectores”?
(a) Scientists (b) Poets (c) Schoolmen (d) Politicians
✅ Answer: (c) Schoolmen.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...let him study the schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores.”
◼️ 71. “Distilled books are like common distilled waters” is an example of:
(a) Simile (b) Metaphor (c) Hyperbole (d) Irony
✅ Answer: (a) Simile.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...distilled books are like common distilled waters...”
◼️ 72. “Reading maketh a full man” is an instance of:
(a) Oxymoron (b) Epigram (c) Metaphor (d) Proverb
✅ Answer: (c) Metaphor.
📘 Supporting Statement: “Reading maketh a full man...”
◼️ 73. The phrase “wrought out by fit studies” suggests which figure?
(a) Irony (b) Hyperbole (c) Personification (d) Alliteration
✅ Answer: (c) Personification.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...may be wrought out by fit studies...”
◼️ 74. The comparison of mental problems to bodily diseases is an example of:
(a) Metonymy (b) Analogy (c) Synecdoche (d) Allegory
✅ Answer: (b) Analogy.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises.”
◼️ 75. “Cymini sectores” suggests which literary idea?
(a) Symbolism (b) Euphemism (c) Allusion (d) Paradox
✅ Answer: (c) Allusion.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...for they are cymini sectores.”
◼️ 76. What does “conference a ready man” imply?
(a) Talks make men argumentative (b) Conversation builds spontaneity (c) Conference causes confusion (d) It creates boredom
✅ Answer: (b) Conversation builds spontaneity.
📘 Supporting Statement: “Conference a ready man.”
◼️ 77. What is the inner message of “Studies pass into character”?
(a) Study transforms habits and morality (b) Study makes people lazy (c) Study causes arrogance (d) Books are hard to forget
✅ Answer: (a) Study transforms habits and morality.
📘 Supporting Statement: “Abeunt studia in mores.”
◼️ 78. What does Bacon mean by “seem to know that he doth not”?
(a) Fake knowledge with intelligence (b) True genius hides ignorance (c) Pretend knowledge through cunning (d) Study makes everything known
✅ Answer: (c) Pretend knowledge through cunning.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...to seem to know that he doth not.”
◼️ 79. What is Bacon’s deeper meaning in suggesting “study lawyers’ cases”?
(a) To learn laws (b) To argue well (c) To build logic via legal examples (d) To know one’s rights
✅ Answer: (c) To build logic via legal examples.
📘 Supporting Statement: “...let him study the lawyers’ cases.”
◼️ 80. What does the triad “Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man” symbolize?
(a) Uselessness of study (b) Types of men (c) Balance in intellectual development (d) Art of flattery
✅ Answer: (c) Balance in intellectual development.
📘 Supporting Statement: “Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.”
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